Kim,+C

=__// Data Management - Culminating Task //__=

= Stage 1 - Brainstorming =


 * Ontario Literacy Test results vs. English marks
 * Hours of video games played/day vs. School marks
 * Number of divorces/year vs. Married ages
 * Number of divorces/year vs. Financial problems
 * Smoking&Drug vs. Growth of teens
 * Family Violence vs. Alcohol abuse
 * **Teenage Obesity Rates vs. Number of hours watching television**
 * Number of crimes vs. Unemployment
 * Number of wins for each team in Barclays Premier League vs. Average home fans came per season
 * Number of Foreign Players in Barclays Premier League vs. Top 10 scoerer Lists per each season
 * Number of Foreign Players in Barclays Premier League vs. Number of wins for each team in 2009-2010 season
 * Average attedance of home fans in Barclays Permier League vs. Number of wins at home

= Stage 2 -Question & Variables & Background Info & Hypothesis =

- As the number of hours of teenagers watching television increases, will this correlate positively with the teenage obesity rates? (in Canada)
 * Question**


 * Variables**
 * Independent (x-value) - Number of hours watching television
 * Dependent (y-value) - Teenage Obesity rates

- As a teenager, peer approval is very important. All teens want to fit into a group of friends where they can feel secure and a sense of belonging. Unfortunately, with today’s emphasis on an ideal body image, overweight or obese teenagers face constant stares, comments and whispering that can interfere with living a normal teenage life. Consider some of the following statistics:
 * Background Info**
 * 35% of boys are overweight in Canada
 * 29% of girls are overweight in Canada
 * 17% of boys are obese in Canada
 * 15% of girls are obese in Canada
 * 20% of childhood diabetes cases are now type 2 diabetes (adult-onset diabetes)
 * Children spend an average of three to five hours per day in front of the TV, computer, Video games
 * 42 to 63% of obese school-aged children will become obese adults

- The first cause of teenage obesity is the kind of food that teenagers eat. It is a well known fact that teenagers love junk food, but these foods are very rich in fats, oil and cholesterol. This inadvertently harms the system of the teenagers, and this ends up in the individual becoming obese. With the vast expansion of fast food chains around the country today, it is no surprise that this is the single biggest cause. In addition, there is one more factor that leads to teenage obesity is the TV. With the advancements in the computer world, and especially the television industry, more and more teenagers choose to sit in at home and watch television. Watching TV have become one of their favourite hobbies in which will directly cause them to live an inactive life. Both these factors combined, have led to the drastic rise in the levels of teenage obesity in the country.

Some of the possible dangers of teenage obesity are as follows.
 * Increased danger of [|heart diseases].
 * High [|cholesterol] levels in the body.
 * [|High blood pressure] levels.
 * Greater possibility of contracting [|Type 2 diabetes].
 * Social discrimination resulting in lowered [|self esteem].

- My prediction is that as the amount of teenagers watching television increases, the rates of teenage obesity will have a positive moderate correlation coefficient.
 * Hypothesis**

= Stage 3 - Raw Data =

※ My analysis will be based on a period of 2003~2008.
Geography[|2,3]=Canada [0] Age group=12 to 19 years Indicators=Body mass index, self-reported, youth (12 to 17 years old), overweight or obese[|40,41,64] Health indicator profile, annual estimates, occasional||~ Sex ||~ Characteristics[|50,51,52,53,54,71] ||~ 2004 ||~ 2005 ||~ 2006 ||~ 2007 ||~ 2008 ||
 * ~ Males ||~ Number of persons || 249,969 || 267,539 || 275,672 || 269,327 || 274,229 ||
 * ^  ||~ Low 95% confidence interval, number of persons || F || F || 245,961 || 240,641 || 247,028 ||
 * ^  ||~ High 95% confidence interval, number of persons || F || F || 305,383 || 298,013 || 301,431 ||
 * ^  ||~ Percent || 22.8 || 23.1 || 23.4 || 23.9 || 24.1 ||
 * ^  ||~ Low 95% confidence interval, percent || 21.5 || 22.3 || 21.0 || 21.6 || 21.7 ||
 * ^  ||~ High 95% confidence interval, percent || 25.2 || 25.3 || 25.7 || 26.3 || 26.1 ||
 * ~ Females ||~ Number of persons || 120,685 || 134,938 || 143,945 || 154,669 || 175,716 ||
 * ^  ||~ Low 95% confidence interval, number of persons || F || F || 123,875 || 134,039 || 151,828 ||
 * ^  ||~ High 95% confidence interval, number of persons || F || F || 164,016 || 175,299 || 199,604 ||
 * ^  ||~ Percent || 11.8 || 12.7 || 13.5 || 14.5 || 15.5 ||
 * ^  ||~ Low 95% confidence interval, percent || 12.3 || 12.2 || 11.7 || 12.5 || 13.4 ||
 * ^  ||~ High 95% confidence interval, percent || 15.5 || 15.7 || 15.3 || 16.4 || 17.5 ||
 * Source: Statistics Canada. //Table 105-0501 - Health indicator profile, annual estimates, by age group and sex, Canada, provinces, territories, health regions (2007 boundaries) and peer groups, occasional//, CANSIM (database).**
 * []**

- Hours of Television Watching on the Average Weekday, 12th-graders: [[file:Grade 12 Table.pdf]]
= Stage 4 - Data Analysis & Sampling Techniques and Bias =

**1. Data Analysis**
- As I expected, the teenage obesity rates is consistently increasing over the years. We can assume that there could be some factors which influenced the teenage obesity rates and hopefully one of them is the watching television. This would be the dependant variable in this case.

- Unexpectedly, the number of teenagers who spend on time watching television is visually decreasing in this graph. Teenagers from grade 8, 10, and 12 who spend 4 hours or more on watching TV were given the survey and the period of this graph is from 1991 to 2008. This would be the independant variable in this case.

2. Sampling Techniques and Bias
- __Stratified Sample__: Both graphs include groups of members who share common characteristics. Obesity graph is classified into age and gender and the television graph is also classified into different grades and gender.

- __Voluntary Response Sample__: A techique in which participation is at the discretion or initiative of the respondant. For the television data, the survey might not have been provided to every teenage americans. Some surveys might not have taken or returned.

- __Non-response Bias__: Not all teenage americans took the surveys or they just didn't return their surveys.

- __Response Bias__: For the television hours survey, some might have answered with dishonesty.

**Stage 5 - Calculations & Results **

**＊ **** Teenage Obesity (number of teens) ** **- Mean: 267,347 ** **- Standard Deviation: 9193.69 **
 * **Male (12 - 17) **
 * - Median: 275,672 **
 * - Mode: X **
 * - Range: 24,260 **
 * **Year ** || **X ** || **Deviation ** || **Square of Deviation ** ||
 * **2004 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">249,969 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">-17378 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">301994884 ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">2005 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">267,539 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">192 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">36864 ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">2006 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">275,672 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">8325 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">69305625 ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">2007 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">269,327 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">1980 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">3920400 ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">2008 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">274,229 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">6882 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">47361924 ** ||
 * ||  ||   || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">∑ 422619697 ** ||

**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">- Mean: 145,991 ** **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">- Standard Deviation: 18577.58 **
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; word-break: keep-all;">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.5pt;">Female (12 - 17) **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">- Median: 143,945 ** <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">- **Mode: X** **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">- Range: 55031 **
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Year ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">X ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Deviation ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Square of Deviation ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">2004 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">120,685 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">-25306 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">640393636 ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">2005 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">134,938 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">-11053 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">122168809 ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">2006 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">143,945 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">-2046 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">4186116 ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">2007 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">154,669 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">8678 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">75307684 ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">2008 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">175,716 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">29725 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">883575625 ** ||
 * ||  ||   || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">∑ 1725631870 ** ||
 * <span style="color: blue; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 13.5pt;">＊ ****<span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.5pt;"> Teens who watch TV 4 hours or more (percentage) **

**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.5pt;">- Mean: 25.178% ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.5pt;">**- Median: 25%** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.5pt;">**- Mode: X** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.5pt;">**- Range: 3.9%** **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.5pt;">- Standard Deviation: 1.44% **
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; word-break: keep-all;">**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.5pt;">Male (12 - 17) **
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Year ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">X ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Deviation ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Square of Deviation ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">2004 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">26.9 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">1.722 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">2.965 ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">2005 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">24.9 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">-0.278 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">0.077 ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">2006 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">23 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">-2.178 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">4.747 ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">2007 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">23.9 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">-1.278 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">1.633 ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">2008 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">24.2 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">0.978 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">0.956 ** ||
 * ||  ||   || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">∑ 10.378 ** ||

**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.5pt;">- Mean: 22.913% ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.5pt;">**- Median: 22%** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.5pt;">**- Mode: X** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.5pt;">**- Range: 1.7%** **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.5pt;">- Standard Deviation: 0.624% **
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; word-break: keep-all;">**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.5pt;">Female (12 - 17) **
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Year ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">X ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Deviation ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Square of Deviation ** ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">**2004** || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">**23.3** || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">**0.387** || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">**0.15** ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">**2005** || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">**23.7** || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">**0.787** || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">**0.619** ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">**2006** || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">**23.2** || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">**0.287** || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">**0.082** ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">**2007** || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">**22.4** || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">**-0.513** || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">**0.263** ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">**2008** || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">**22** || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">**-0.913** || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">**0.834** ||
 * ||  ||   || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">∑ 1.948 ** ||

**<span style="color: blue; font-family: 굴림; font-size: 13.5pt;">＊ ****<span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.5pt;"> Correlation Coefficient ** **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.5pt;">- Male ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">r= - 0.95 (negative, strong)
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.5pt;">- Female ** <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">r= - 0.87 (negative, strong)

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">

**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 18pt;">2. Results ** ==== <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">- <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">As a result, both male and female's correlation coefficient between the two variables Watching TV vs. Teenage Obesity are -0.95 and -0.87, which are negative strong correlations. ====

====<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; text-align: left;">﻿- The results are totally different from my hypothesis. I assumed that both teenage obesity rates and the number of teenagers watching TV will be increasing, however, the results showed us that the number of teenagers who watch TV for 4 hrs or more is actually decreasing over the past few years. ====

=
<span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: left; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; word-break: keep-all;">**<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 24pt;">Stage 6 - Works Cited ** ======


 * Statistics Canada. //Table 105-0501 - Health indicator profile, annual estimates, by age group and sex, Canada, provinces, territories, health regions (2007 boundaries) and peer groups, occasional//, CANSIM (database). **
 * []**

**<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">

Watching Television (2010). In //Child Trends Databank//. Retrieved January 6, 2011
** []