Hoffner,+B

è Low Income vs. Delayed Retirement Age For Canadians Years Covered: 1998-2008
 * __ Data Culminating Task __**

__** ﻿ **__ __** Question: **__ Does the **amount of people in Canada that live below poverty/have a low income** //(dependant variable)// relates/affects the increasing rate of the **average retirement age** //(independent variable)//?
 * Stage 1: Initial Proposal **
 * || ** Dependant Variable ** || ** Independent Variable ** ||
 * 1 || The Abuse of Alcohol and Drugs || Trends In Crime ||
 * 2 || //** Low Income **// || //** Delayed Retirement **// ||
 * 3 || Hours of Sleep At Night || Work Habits ||
 * 4 || Abuse of Drugs || Student Grades ||
 * 5 || Family Violence || Alcohol Abuse ||
 * 6 || Early Sexual Intercourse || Teen Pregnancy ||
 * 7 || Spousal Abuse || Divorce Rate ||
 * 8 || Amount of Clothes Customer Tries On Daily || Amount of Clothes Purchased In A Retail Store Daily ||



__** Hypothesis: **__ I believe that the amount people in Canada who live below poverty/have a low income will increase the rate of the number of the average retirement age making the independent variable which is the low income of employed individuals affect the dependant variable of their delayed retirement.

For example, individuals who are living in poverty and have a lack of the basic human needs, such as clean water, education, clothing and shelter or possibly even having fewer resources or less income than others are those who are suffering and can’t retire at the set age of 65. And in this case, this factor would delay their retirement age to an older age such as 75 or 80.

__** Background Information: **__ ** POVERTY/LOW INCOME ** Poverty in Canada still remains and has been a challenge as there are issues with this major problem Canada is now facing. Canada’s history includes its periods of growth and recession and the issue of government to assist the low income Canadians. Although poverty is now a reality to Canada today, the open ended question that has been debated for the last 10 years is, ‘how serious is it?’ ** RETIREMENT ** In Canada, labour laws do not specify a retirement age. However, some laws/policies set an age limit for persons employed within specific occupations. The age for retirement in Canada was traditionally 65 but this is now changing.
 * // Facts from a Study in Canada: //**
 * From 1990-1995 the total number of poor people in Canada increased. Total population increased by 6.1 percent
 * 70% of all poor people live in Montreal, Vancouver and Toronto
 * Single populated poverty rate was 2.45 times higher than average
 * Young and elderly are more likely to experience poverty
 * Poverty declines with age until 45-54 is when it rises again
 * Average income for working age families was $60,400
 * Average Income for working age ‘poor’ families was $14,500

Some retire at: This decision can have an impact based on what people want to do during their retirement years, or possibly if they are even able to retire at that time.
 * The early age of 55 or younger
 * Then there are those that plan to continue to work after the age of 65

· Already know what they want to do in their retirement years || · Want to supplement their income · May not be able to retire if you do not make enough money as others · Those living in poverty · Those who need money to support families/if you are the only one working in your family ||
 * __** Age of Retirement **__ || __** Reason **__ ||
 * ** 55 or Younger ** || · Financially stable
 * ** 65+ ** || · May enjoy working so they continue

__**Sampling Technique:**__ The data that was collected in research could possibly be skewed because of a voluntary response sample and not all the population participated in this survey

__**Sampling Bias:**__ The data may also be considered to have non-response bias because of people not participating or returning the survey. Lack of participation effects both of these. __** Raw Data **__
 * For Persons In Low Income In Canada **

Location: Canada All Ages, Male and Female //This graph demonstrates the amount of people in percent who are living in low income. An approximate of 13% of people live in low income after tax in Canada.//

Location: Canada Average Age All Retirees and Both Sexes //In this graph, the estimate age for retiring is around the age of 60-65. Those who are living with low income would extend their retirement age to make more money for themselves/families in the future, so they can retire.//
 * __Raw ﻿ Data__**
 * Estimate Retirement Age**

__** ﻿Raw Data **__ Location: Canada Both Sexes // As you can see in this graph, the more people who contribute their money to pension plans will be more secure in the future and not become one of low income making them able to retire at an earlier age. // __** ﻿﻿ **__
 * Household Spending**

//** MORE DATA! **// __** One Variable Analysis **__ ** POVERTY/LOW INCOME **


 * The Number of Persons with Low Income; Age 55-64 **

The table of data represents the number of people from age 55-64 with low income. This also represents my one variable analysis for poverty/low income.

= 5506 ÷ 11 **= 500.55**
 * //** Year **// || //** # of People **// || //** Deviation **// || //** Deviation Squared **// ||
 * > 1998 ||> 406 ||> -94.55 ||> 8939.7025 ||
 * > 1999 ||> 413 ||> -87.55 ||> 7665.0025 ||
 * > 2000 ||> 470 ||> -30.55 ||> 933.3025 ||
 * > 2001 ||> 468 ||> -32.55 ||> 1059.50 ||
 * > 2002 ||> 491 ||> -9.55 ||> 91.2025 ||
 * > 2003 ||> 492 ||> -8.55 ||> 73.1025 ||
 * > 2004 ||> 525 ||> 24.45 ||> 597.8025 ||
 * > 2005 ||> 505 ||> 4.45 ||> 19.8025 ||
 * > 2006 ||> 569 ||> 68.45 ||> 4685.4025 ||
 * > 2007 ||> 531 ||> 30.45 ||> 927.2025 ||
 * > 2008 ||> 636 ||> 135.45 ||> 18346.7025 ||
 * = ** ∑= ** ||> ** 5506 ** ||>  ||> ** 43338.725 ** ||
 * MEAN:**


 * MEDIAN: **// highlighted on chart //

= √3939.884091
 * STANDARD DEVIATION:**
 * =** 43338.725 ÷ 11
 * =62.77**


 * RETIREMENT **
 * The Number of People Who Continue Working After The Age 65 **

Secondly, this table represents the number of people who continue to work for money related reasons. This is also my one variable analysis for retirement.

= 42241 ÷ 11
 * = //** Year **// ||= //** # of People **// ||= //** Deviation **// ||= //** Deviation Squared **// ||
 * > 1998 ||> 3475 ||> -365.09 ||> 133290.7081 ||
 * > 1999 ||> 3541 ||> -299.09 ||> 89454.8281 ||
 * > 2000 ||> 3605 ||> -235.09 ||> 55267.3081 ||
 * > 2001 ||> 3664 ||> -176.09 ||> 31007.6881 ||
 * > 2002 ||> 3728 ||> -112.09 ||> 12564.1681 ||
 * > 2003 ||> 3804 ||> -0.09 ||> 0.0081 ||
 * > 2004 ||> 3884 ||> 43.91 ||> 1928.0881 ||
 * > 2005 ||> 3974 ||> 133.91 ||> 17931.8881 ||
 * > 2006 ||> 4070 ||> 299.91 ||> 52858.6081 ||
 * > 2007 ||> 4183 ||> 342.91 ||> 117587.2681 ||
 * > 2008 ||> 4313 ||> 475.91 ||> 223643.8681 ||
 * = ** ∑= ** ||> ** 42241 ** ||  ||> ** 735534.4291 ** ||
 * MEAN: **
 * = 3840.09**

**=** 735534.4291 ÷ 11
 * MEDIAN: **// highlighted on chart //
 * STANDARD DEVIATION: **

= √66866.76628


 * = 258.59 **

__** Two Variable Analysis **__
 * POVERTY/LOW INCOME VS. RETIREMENT **
 * = //** Year **// ||= //** Low Income (x) **// ||= //** Retirement (y) **// ||= //** X^2 **// ||= //** Y^2 **// ||= //** XY **// ||
 * 1998 || 406 || 3475 || 164836 || 12075625 || 1410850 ||
 * 1999 || 413 || 3541 || 170569 || 12538681 || 1462433 ||
 * 2000 || 470 || 3605 || 220900 || 12996025 || 1694350 ||
 * 2001 || 468 || 3664 || 219024 || 13424896 || 1717092 ||
 * 2002 || 491 || 3728 || 241081 || 13897984 || 1830448 ||
 * 2003 || 492 || 3804 || 242064 || 14470416 || 1871568 ||
 * 2004 || 525 || 3884 || 275625 || 15085456 || 2039100 ||
 * 2005 || 505 || 3974 || 255025 || 15792676 || 2006870 ||
 * 2006 || 569 || 4070 || 323761 || 16564900 || 2315830 ||
 * 2007 || 531 || 4183 || 281961 || 17497489 || 2221173 ||
 * 2008 || 636 || 4313 || 404496 || 18601969 || 2743068 ||
 * ** ∑= ** || ** 5506 ** || ** 42241 ** || ** 2799342 ** || ** 162946117 ** || ** 18843782 ** ||
 * CORRELATION COEFFICIENT:**

__** WORKS CITED! **__

** Source: ** Statistics Canada. //Table 202-0802 - Persons in low income, annual // (graph), CANSIM (database), Using E-STAT (distributor). ﻿﻿ (accessed: December 6, 2010)
 * GRAPH 1 **

**GRAPH 2** **Source:** Statistics Canada. //Table 282-0051 - Labour force survey estimates (LFS), retirement age by class of worker and sex, annual (years) // (graph), CANSIM (database), Using E-STAT (distributor). [] (accessed: December 6, 2010)

**GRAPH 3** **Source:** Statistics Canada. //Table 203-0017 - Survey of household spending (SHS), household spending on personal insurance payments and pension contributions, by province and territory, annual // (graph), CANSIM (database), Using E-STAT (distributor). [] (accessed: December 6, 2010)

**CHART INFO** <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">**Source:** Statistics Canada. Table 202-0803 - Persons in low income families, by age and sex of major income earner, annual (table), CANSIM (database),, Using E-STAT (distributor). <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">[] <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">(accessed: January 6, 2011) <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">