Nikulka,+S

__ ** Brainstorming ** __
 * Youth in low income family VS. Crime Rate
 * Youth in low income family VS. Participation is Organized Sports
 * Amount of cars driven VS. Global Warming
 * Alcohol Consumption VS. High School Grades
 * Amount of time spent in the sun VS. Cancer Rates
 * Immigration VS. Overpopulation
 * Work Habits VS. Employment

__ SUN EXPOSURE VS. CANCER RATES IN MEN __


 * __ Question __**
 * Does the number of hours spent in the sun increase the risk of cancer in the bodies of men in Ontario?

**__ Variables __**
 * Independent- number of hours spent in sun
 * Dependent- cancer rates

**__ Hypothesis __**
 * I believe that there will be a strong, positive correlation between the number of hours spent in the sun and the increased risk of cancer. Some people already have a large risk as it is, like me, because it can be passed down from genes in the family. However some people just don't understand the risk of such great amounts of sun exposure, because they haven't experienced the outcome first hand. Therefore, I believe the results of this study could open peoples eyes.

__Background Information__ The patient-oriented Canadian Cancer Registry (CCR) evolved from the event-oriented National Cancer Incidence Reporting System (NCIRS). The NCIRS was established in 1969 at Statistics Canada in co-operation with the National Cancer Institute of Canada and nine of the ten existing provincial cancer registries. A tenth registry, Ontario, joined the national system in 1981. All Canadian provincial and territorial cancer registries now report their data to the CCR. The provincial-territorial cancer registries provide data to Statistics Canada. Subsequent changes to registrations due to errors or omissions are transmitted to Statistics Canada, as the information becomes available. Each registry supplies information for each new patient and each new tumour in a standard, pre-edited format, on magnetic tape or diskette. The CCR can be updated with new records or changes to previous records, as part of regular submissions from registries to Statistics Canada. All primary malignant tumours with behaviour codes of 3 (except squamous cell skin cancer and basal cell skin cancer) are reported to the CCR

**__ Raw Data __**


 * []
 * (1996). In MedicineNet.Inc. California. Retrieved November 10 2010.
 * []
 * (2004). In Health Information Publication. Nucleus Medical Art. Retrieved November 10 2010.

__ Data Management Survey __

Please put an X where applicable.

1) __ What grade are you in? __ [ ] 9  [ ] 10  [ ] 11  [ ] 12

2) __ On average, how many hours do you spend outside in a week? __ [ ] none  [ ] 1-3 hours  [ ] 4-6 hours  [ ] 7-10 hours  [ ] more

3) __ How often do you wear sunscreen when you’re outside? __ [ ] never  [ ] sometimes  [ ] often  [ ] all the time

4) __ Are you aware of the effects of not protecting yourself from the sun? __ [ ] no  [ ] slightly  [ ] very well

5) __ Have there been any cases of cancer in your extended family? __ [ ] yes  [ ] no

6) __ If you checked yes on the above question, how many cases have there been? __

__Sampling Techniques__ Stratified Sample - population may include groups of members who share common characteristics.

I will be handing out a total of 40 surveys to 40 different males in the school, more specifically, 10 surveys per grade. Many people throughout these grades share the same characteristics such as age, race and gender. When asking the various males throughout grades 9- 12, I will receive more accurate information than if I were to use convenience sampling. Using a stratified sampling technique will help me collect the data I need.

__ Sampling Bias __ à The sampling bias in this information is that the ages only go up to 79 when my question doesn’t specify the age of men.

__Survey Results__
 * Grade || Number of Surveys ||
 * 9 || 10 ||
 * 10 || 10 ||
 * 11 || 10 ||
 * 12 || 10 ||

Number of hours spent in the sun
 * None || 4 ||
 * 1-3 || 19 ||
 * 4-6 || 16 ||
 * 7-10 || 1 ||
 * More || 0 ||


 * Sunscreen Usage ||  ||
 * Never || 9 ||
 * Sometimes || 20 ||
 * Often || 5 ||
 * Always || 6 ||


 * Aware of Effects ||  ||
 * Never || 9 ||
 * Slightly || 5 ||
 * Very Well || 34 ||


 * Cancer Cases ||  ||
 * Yes || 16 ||
 * No || 24 ||


 * __One Variable Analysis__**


 * AGE || SUN EXPOSURE || DEVIATION || DEVIATION^2 ||
 * 0-19 || 142.4 || 57.5 || 3306.25 ||
 * 20-39 || 60.7 || -24.2 || 585.64 ||
 * 40-59 || 66.0 || -18.9 || 357.21 ||
 * 60-79 || 70.5 || -14.4 || 207.36 ||
 * SUM || ** 339.6 ** ||  || ** 4,456.46 ** ||

**Mean**- 339.6/ 4= 84.9 **Median**- (60.7+66)/ 2= 63.35 **SD**- 4456.46/ (4-1)= 1485.48(square root) à 38.54


 * AGE || # of cases || DEVIATION || DEVIATION^2 ||
 * 0-19 || 247 || -3,301 || 10896601 ||
 * 20-39 || 968 || -2580 || 6656400 ||
 * 40-59 || 6,128 || 2580 || 6656400 ||
 * 60-79 || 15,917 || 12369 || 152992161 ||
 * SUM || ** 23,260 ** ||  || ** 177,201,562 ** ||

**Mean**- 23260/ 4= 5815 **Median**- (968+6128)/ 2= 3548 **SD**- 177201562/ (4-1)=59067187.33(square root) à 7685.51


 * __ Two Variable Analysis __ **


 * X || Y || X^2 || Y^2 || XY ||
 * 142.4 || 247 || 20277.76 || 61009 || 35172.8 ||
 * 60.7 || 968 || 3684.49 || 937024 || 58757.6 ||
 * 66.0 || 6,128 || 4356 || 37552384 || 404448 ||
 * 70.5 || 15,917 || 4970.25 || 253350889 || 1122148.5 ||
 * **339.6** || **23,260** || **33288.5** || **291901306** || **1620526.9** ||


 * __Correlation co-efficient__ **

R = __(4)(1620526.9)-(339.6)(23260)__ [(4)(33288.5)-339.6^ 2 )][(4)(291901306)- 23260^ 2 ] = -0.07835



Therefore, the correlation coefficient was -0.07835 which is a negative, weak correlation. This means my hypothesis of a positive strong correlation was incorrect. For more accurate information I could've researched all of Canada instead of just researching Ontario. If I had compared Sun Exposure to 'Skin' Cancer rates then the correlation would be a stronger postive, so since I reasearched just cancer rates in general, this correlation makes sense in this case. [] Cancer Incidence in Canada. StatsCan.

[] (March 2010) Canadian Health Meaasures Survey 2007-2009. StatsCan. Langois, Kelly.