Watkins,+C

=﻿﻿ Number of Degrees, Diplomas, and Certificates Recieved vs. Income ﻿﻿=

For Canadians through the years 1997-2007 Is there a strong correlation between number of diplomas and instructional programs, and income in Canada from 1997-2007 for both males and females?
 * Question:**

Independent Variable: ** Number of Degrees, Diplomas, and Certificates Received ** Dependent Variable: ** Income **
 * Variables:**

The more education a person receives, the higher their income. Therefore I believe there will be a positive, strong correlation.
 * Hypothesis:**

The data collected may be skewed due to a voluntary response sample. Not all surveyed may have responded to the survey. The data may also contain non-response bias because not all surveyed may have responded.
 * Sampling and Sampling Bias:**

There is a constant debate on whether the amount of education and the qualifications a person receives has an effect on ones salary. Some believe that being more educated will raise your salary, others however, disagree.
 * Background Information:**

Data starting in 1997 and continuing to most recent data available. 1997-2007
 * Raw Data:**

University degrees, diplomas and certificates granted by program level, annual (number)||~ Sex ||~ Both sexes[|10] ||~ Males ||~ Females ||
 * Geography**=Canada
 * Program level**=Total, program level
 * Classification of Instructional Programs, Primary Grouping (CIP_PG)[|9,20]**=Total, instructional programs
 * ~ 1997 || 173,934 || 73,041 || 100,893 ||
 * ~ 1998 || 172,074 || 71,949 || 100,125 ||
 * ~ 1999 || 173,577 || 72,201 || 101,376 ||
 * ~ 2000 || 176,556 || 73,233 || 103,326 ||
 * ~ 2001 || 178,098 || 72,852 || 105,207 ||
 * ~ 2002 || 186,462 || 75,225 || 111,222 ||
 * ~ 2003 || 199,137 || 80,256 || 118,872 ||
 * ~ 2004 || 210,909 || 84,912 || 125,967 ||
 * ~ 2005 || 215,841 || 86,808 || 129,015 ||
 * ~ 2006 || 225,939 || 89,682 || 136,212 ||
 * ~ 2007 || 241,551 || 94,830 || 146,682 ||



Distribution of earnings, by sex, annual||~ Sex ||~ Both sexes ||~ Males ||~ Females ||
 * Geography**=Canada
 * Earnings group**=Average earnings (dollars)
 * ~ 1997 || 33,900A || 41,100A || 25,400A ||
 * ~ 1998 || 35,100A || 42,300A || 26,500A ||
 * ~ 1999 || 35,600A || 43,000A || 27,000A ||
 * ~ 2000 || 36,600A || 44,500A || 27,500A ||
 * ~ 2001 || 36,600A || 44,400A || 27,600A ||
 * ~ 2002 || 36,700A || 44,400A || 27,900A ||
 * ~ 2003 || 36,200A || 43,800A || 27,600A ||
 * ~ 2004 || 36,600A || 44,100A || 27,900A ||
 * ~ 2005 || 37,100A || 44,700A || 28,600A ||
 * ~ 2006 || 37,400A || 44,800A || 29,000A ||
 * ~ 2007 || 38,100A || 45,500A || 29,900A ||



**__ One Variable Analysis __** ** Number of Degrees, Diplomas, and Certificates Received by Both Sexes ** (Highlighted number is the median for this set of data)
 * ** Year ** || ** Number Received ** || ** Deviation ** || ** Deviation Squared ** ||
 * 1997 || 173,934 || -21891 || 479215881 ||
 * 1998 || 172,074 || -23751 || 564110001 ||
 * 1999 || 173,577 || -22248 || 494973504 ||
 * 2000 || 176,556 || -19269 || 371294361 ||
 * 2001 || 178,098 || -17727 || 314246529 ||
 * 2002 || 186,462 || -9363 || 87665769 ||
 * 2003 || 199,137 || 3312 || 10969344 ||
 * 2004 || 210,909 || 15084 || 227527056 ||
 * 2005 || 215,841 || 20016 || 400640256 ||
 * 2006 || 225,939 || 30114 || 906852996 ||
 * 2007 || 241,551 || 45726 || 2090867076 ||
 * ** ∑= ** || ** 2154078 ** ||  || ** 5948362773 ** ||

** Income for Both Sexes (Annual) ** (Highlighted numbers are the median and mode for this set of data)
 * ** Year ** || ** Average Income ($) ** || ** Deviation ** || ** Deviation Squared ** ||
 * 1997 || 33,900 || -2455 || 6027025 ||
 * 1998 || 35,100 || -1255 || 1575025 ||
 * 1999 || 35,600 || -755 || 570025 ||
 * 2000 || 36,600 || 245 || 60025 ||
 * 2001 || 36,600 || 245 || 60025 ||
 * 2002 || 36,700 || 345 || 119025 ||
 * 2003 || 36,200 || -155 || 24025 ||
 * 2004 || 36,600 || 245 || 60025 ||
 * 2005 || 37,100 || 745 || 555025 ||
 * 2006 || 37,400 || 1045 || 1092025 ||
 * 2007 || 38,100 || 1745 || 3045025 ||
 * **∑=** || ** 399900 ** ||  || ** 13187275 ** ||

**Calculation of Mean** = approx. 195825 || Mean=399900/11 = approx. 36355 ||
 * Degrees, Diplomas, and Certificates || Income ||
 * Mean=2154078/11

=540760252.1
 * **Standard Deviation for Degrees, Diplomas, Certificates** ||
 * =5948362773/11

√540760252.1 =23254.25234 ||

=1198843.182
 * = **Standard Deviation for Income** ||
 * = =13187275/11

=√1198843.182 =1094.916975 ||

**__Two Variable Analysis__**
 * **Year** || **Number Received (x)** || **Average Income ($) (y)** || **X^2** || **Y^2** || **XY** ||
 * 1997 || 173,934 || 33,900 || 30253036356 || 1149210000 || 5896362600 ||
 * 1998 || 172,074 || 35,100 || 29609461476 || 1232010000 || 6039797400 ||
 * 1999 || 173,577 || 35,600 || 30128974929 || 1267360000 || 6179341200 ||
 * 2000 || 176,556 || 36,600 || 31172021136 || 1339560000 || 6461949600 ||
 * 2001 || 178,098 || 36,600 || 31718897604 || 1339560000 || 6518386800 ||
 * 2002 || 186,462 || 36,700 || 34768077444 || 1346890000 || 6843155400 ||
 * 2003 || 199,137 || 36,200 || 39655544769 || 1310440000 || 7208759400 ||
 * 2004 || 210,909 || 36,600 || 44482606281 || 1339560000 || 7719269400 ||
 * 2005 || 215,841 || 37,100 || 46587337281 || 1376410000 || 8007701100 ||
 * 2006 || 225,939 || 37,400 || 51048431721 || 1398760000 || 8450118600 ||
 * 2007 || 241,551 || 38,100 || 58346885601 || 1451610000 || 9203093100 ||
 * **∑=** || ** 2154078 ** || ** 399900 ** || **427771274598** || **14551370000** || **78527934600** ||

√[(11)(427771274598)-(2154078)^2][(11)(14551370000)-(399900)^2] ** =__2391488400__ **  ** √9.491564323x10^18 ** **= approx. 0.0000000008** **Therefore there is a weak, positive correlation between the two sets of data** ||
 * **Correlation Coefficient** ||
 * **=(__11)(78527934600)-(2154078)(399900)__**


 * Bibliography:**

Statistics Canada. //Table 202-0101 - Distribution of earnings, by sex, 2008 constant dollars, annual// (graph), CANSIM (database), Using E-STAT (distributor).

(accessed: November 4, 2010)

Statistics Canada. //Table 477-0014 - University degrees, diplomas and certificates granted, by program level, Classification of Instructional Programs, Primary Grouping (CIP_PG) and sex, annual (number)// (graph), CANSIM (database), Using E-STAT (distributor).[](accessed: November 4, 2010) Statistics Canada. //Table 202-0101 - Distribution of earnings, by sex, 2008 constant dollars, annual//, CANSIM (database), Using E-STAT (distributor). [] (accessed: November 15, 2010)

Statistics Canada. //Table 477-0014 - University degrees, diplomas and certificates granted, by program level, Classification of Instructional Programs, Primary Grouping (CIP_PG) and sex, annual (number)//, CANSIM (database), Using E-STAT (distributor). [] (accessed: November 15, 2010)